PRONOUNS

A pronoun (I, me, he, she, herself, you, it, that, they, each, few, many, who, whoever, whose, someone, everybody, etc.) is a word that takes the place of a noun. In the sentence Joe saw Jill, and he waved at her, the pronouns he and her take the place of Joe and Jill, respectively. There are three types of pronouns: subject (for example, he); object (him); or possessive(his).

Basic Principle: A pronoun usually refers to something earlier in the text (its antecedent) and must agree in number — singular/plural — with the thing to which it refers.

A.   Personal Pronouns:  

             

             

SINGULAR				PLURAL
	subjective	objective	possessive	subjective	objective	possessive
1st person	I	me	my, mine	we	us	our, ours
2nd person	you	you	your, yours	you	you	your, yours
3rd person	he she it	him her it	his her,  hers its	they	them	their, theirs

                 

            

Personal pronouns have the following characteristics:

1.  three persons (points of view)        1st person - the one(s) speaking  (I  me my  mine  we  us our ours)        2nd person - the one(s) spoken to  (you your yours)        3rd person - the one(s) spoken about  (he  him  his  she her hers  it  its  they  their  theirs)            Examples           2.  three genders        feminine  (she  her  hers)        masculine (he  him  his)        neuter  (it its  they them their theirs)            Examples              3.  two numbers        singular (I  me  my  mine  you  your  yours  he  him  his  she  her  hers it its)        plural  (we  us  our  ours  you  your yours  they  them  their  theirs)            Examples            4.  three cases       subjective (I  you  he  she  it  we  they)       possessive  (my  mine  your  yours  his  her  hers  our  ours  their  theirs)       objective   (me  you  him  her  it  us  them)            Examples - subjective case

Examples - possessive case                           Examples - objective case            NOTE:  Because of pronoun case, the pronoun's form changes with its function in the sentence.  Follow this link to pronoun case for more information.

B.      Demonstrative Pronouns:

                             

                   

Demonstrative pronouns can also be used as determiners.

Example:

Hand me that hammer. (that describes the noun hammer)

                           

Demonstrative pronouns can also be used as qualifiers:

Example:

She wanted that much money? (that describes the adjective much)

                   

C. Reflexive / Intensive Pronouns :  the "self" pronouns

         

             

These pronouns can be used only to reflect or intensify a word already there in the sentence.

              

Reflexive / intensive pronouns CANNOT REPLACE personal pronouns.

                        

Examples:

I saw myself  in the mirror. (Myself is a reflexive pronoun, reflecting the pronoun I.)

I’ll do it myself. (Myself is an intensive pronoun, intensifying the pronoun I.)

                    

                    

Note:  The following words are substandard and should not be used:

                          

             theirselves       theirself          hisself         ourself

                      

                    

D. Indefinite Pronouns:

                            

Singular:

one	someone	anyone	no one	everyone
each	somebody	anybody	nobody	everybody
(n)either	something	anything	nothing	everything

                  

                     

Examples:

Somebody is coming to dinner.

Neither of us believes a word Harry says.

Plural:     

Examples:

Both are expected at the airport at the same time.

Several have suggested canceling the meeting.

Singular with non-countables / Plural with countables:

Examples:

Some of the dirt has become a permanent part of the rug.

Some of the trees have been weakened by the storm.

Indefinite pronouns use apostrophes to indicate possessive case.

Examples:

The accident is nobody’s fault.

How will the roadwork affect one's daily commute?

Some indefinite pronouns may also be used as determiners.

one, each, either, neither, some, any, one, all, both, few, several, many, most

Note the differences:

Each person has a chance.

(Each is a determiner describing person.)

Each has a chance.

(Each is an indefinite pronoun replacing a noun.)

Both lawyers pled their cases well.

(Both is a determiner describing  lawyers.)

Both were in the room.

(Both is an indefinite pronoun replacing a noun.)

E. Interrogative Pronouns:

Interrogative pronouns produce information questions that require more than a “yes” or “no” answer.

Examples:

What do you want?

Who is there?

F. Relative Pronouns:

Relative pronouns introduce relative (adjectival) clauses.

Note:	Use who, whom, and whose to refer to people.
	Use that and which to refer to things. SOURCE: http://www.grammarbook.com/grammar/pronoun.asp http://www.towson.edu/ows/pronouns.htm

Telling about My Self

Hi,
In this moment I want to tell u bout my profile.
I'm Aliftiya Arifa, u can call me Tiya or Alif or anything u want.
I'm now 18 years old, I'm born at Ngawi in 1996, 5 April.
I live in Tangerang Selatan with My parents and my brother.
my brother name is Bagus Arya.

I've 2 goals in my life. the first I want to make my parents happy with my successes, than I want to be a bussines woman. My Hobbies is play the games online cause in this hobbies I can happy and add many people in the game. in this game we can meet another people without the real meet up, just only need a pc and the connection. the play this game can make ur future is balance, couse u can't too focused in ur life hahahahah. not Im kidding, its just only for entertainment.

My education history are, I Graduated from Pembina Kidergarten Sawangan in 2000/2001,than I choose Kedaung Junior Elementary school and I graduated in 2007/2008, after that I school in 2 South Tangerang Junior High School and graduated in 2011/2012, than I school in 8 South Tangerang Senior High School and graduated in 2014/2015. Now, I studying in Gunadarma University, located at Depok.

thanks, thats a my profile.

DETERMINER

What Is a Determiner?

In the midst of all the nouns, pronouns, adjectives and articles a student is expected to learn, the determiner is often left by the wayside, untaught or taught incorrectly. The determiner is an important noun modifier which contextualizes a noun, often in terms of quantity and possession. Determiners in English precede a noun phrase and includedemonstratives, possessives, and quantifiers.

Determiners in English

There are many different determiners in the English language.

• Articles are among the most common of the determiners. A, an, and the all express the definiteness and specificity of a noun. For example, “the” is a definite article, meaning the person using the word is referring to a specific one. On the other hand, “a” or “an” are indefinite.
• Demonstratives, such as this, that, these and those, require a frame of reference in which an individual can point out the entities referred to by a speaker or a writer.
• Quantifiers, such as all, few, and many, point out how much or how little of something is being indicated.
• When referring to an entity that belongs to another, you can use possessives. My, your, their, and its are a few examples.

There are many other types of determiners. For instance, cardinal numbers, the numbers that are written out in English, are also included in the class of determiners. Determiners are generally split into two groups—definite determiners and indefinite determiners.

Function of a Determiners

A determiner can take on a number of different meanings and roles in a sentence. The determiner is used in every case to clarify the noun.

• They may be used to demonstrate or define something or someone.

Quantifiers state how many of a thing, in number or expression. A determiner is used to show that the noun indicated is a specific one (that one), not an unspecific one (any).

• They may also state the differences between nouns.

While determiners may have a number of other functions, most of them are related to these two key areas. The list of determiners only numbers about 50 words, and all of these words are commonly used by most individuals. Determiners are not difficult to get the grasp of when contrasted with adjectives, and do not take too long for native English speakers to grasp. After all, how many times have you had trouble deciding whether to say “the” or “a”?

Determining Determiners

How should you choose which determiner to use? For those who were raised speaking the English language, determining the determiner to use is second-nature, since determiners are so often used in front of nouns.
Like the basic parts of speech, determiners are so ingrained into the English language that using them is simple. The same goes for most Indo-European languages (for instance, Romance languages such as Spanish and the Germanic languages such as German).
However, the languages of other countries may not use determiners, or may have sets of rules very different than the English language does. For these individuals, learning how and where to use determiners can be rather difficult.

Determiners and Adjectives

Until recently, English teaching in schools did not take determiners into account. Many determiners were simply lumped into the category of “adjectives,” which works for some but certainly not for all.

• Adjectives have primarily three functions: they modify noun phrases, or complement the object or subject of a sentence.
• The function of a determiner is to express proximity, relationship, quantity, and definiteness.

Determiners are not gradable as are adjectives. For example, a person may be angry, angrier, or the angriest. A person can not be “her-est” or “the-est.”
Determiners are usually necessary (or obligatory) in a sentence, whereas adjectives are not.
Adjectives, unlike determiners, cannot have corresponding pronouns.
Adjectives and determiners are distinct from one another and cannot simply be lumped into the same category.

Rumus	General Determiner	Contoh Noun Phrase
general determiner + singular countable noun	a & an (indefinite articles)	a book, an apple
	another (difference word)	another man
	any, no (quantifier)	any report, no journey
	each, every, neither (distributive)	each pair, every student, neither spoon (nor fork)
determiner + plural countable noun	all, both (distributive)	all books, several magazines
	some, any, no, many, few, several (quantifier)	some people, any new books, no jobs, many clothes, few activities
	other (difference words)	other tasks
	enough, more, most	enough dollars, more tips, most batteries
determiner + uncountable noun	all (distributive)	all furniture
	some, any, no, little, less, much (quantifier)	some paper, any time, no money, little information, less sugar, much coffee
	more, most, enough	more advice, most cheese, enough money

 
source :
http://grammar.yourdictionary.com/parts-of-speech/nouns/what/what-is-a-determiner.html
http://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-macam-contoh-kalimat-determiner

ARTICLES

What is an article? Basically, an article is an adjective. Like adjectives, articles modify nouns.

English has two articles: the and a/an. The is used to refer to specific or particular nouns; a/an is used to modify non-specific or non-particular nouns. We call the the definite article and a/an the indefinite article.

the = definite article

a/an = indefinite article

For example, if I say, "Let's read the book," I mean a specific book. If I say, "Let's read a book," I mean any book rather than a specific book.

Here's another way to explain it: The is used to refer to a specific or particular member of a group. For example, "I just saw the most popular movie of the year." There are many movies, but only one particular movie is the most popular. Therefore, we use the.

"A/an" is used to refer to a non-specific or non-particular member of the group. For example, "I would like to go see a movie." Here, we're not talking about a specific movie. We're talking about any movie. There are many movies, and I want to see any movie. I don't have a specific one in mind.

Indefinite Articles: a and an

The word a (which becomes an when the next word begins with a vowel - a, e, i, o, u) is called the indefinite article because the noun it goes with is indefinite or general.  The meaning of the article a is similar to the number one, but one is stronger and gives more emphasis.  It is possible to say I have a book or I have one book, but the second sentence emphasizes that I do not have two or three or some other number of books.

"A" and "an" signal that the noun modified is indefinite, referring to any member of a group. For example:

"My daughter really wants a dog for Christmas." This refers to any dog. We don't know which dog because we haven't found the dog yet.

"Somebody call a policeman!" This refers to any policeman. We don't need a specific policeman; we need any policeman who is available.

"When I was at the zoo, I saw an elephant!" Here, we're talking about a single, non-specific thing, in this case an elephant. There are probably several elephants at the zoo, but there's only one we're talking about here.

“He goes to the swimming pool twice a week.”

“shelly a leader in the class”

The point is you use a when the noun you are referring to begins with a consonant (b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x, y or z), for example, "a city", "a factory", and "a hotel". You use an when the noun you are referring to begins with a vowel (a, e, i, o, u)

Pronunciation changes this rule. It's the sound that matters, not the spelling.

Remember, using a or an depends on the sound that begins the next word.

·         a + singular noun beginning with a consonant: a boy; a car; a bike; a zoo; a dog

·         an + singular noun beginning with a vowel: an elephant; an egg; an apple; an idiot; an orphan

·         a + singular noun beginning with a consonant sound: a user (sounds like 'yoo-zer,' i.e. begins with a consonant 'y' sound, so 'a' is used); a university; a unicycle

·         an + nouns starting with silent "h": an hour

·         a + nouns starting with a pronounced "h": a horse

·         In some cases where "h" is pronounced, such as "historical," you can use an. However, a is more commonly used and preferred.

Definite Article: the

The word the is known as the definite article and indicates a specific thing.  The difference between the sentences I sat on a chair and I sat on the chair is that the second sentence refers to a particular, specific chair, not just any chair.

The definite article is used before singular and plural nouns when the noun is specific or particular. The signals that the noun is definite, that it refers to a particular member of a group. For example:

"The dog that bit me ran away." Here, we're talking about a specific dog, the dog that bit me.

"I was happy to see the policeman who saved my cat!" Here, we're talking about a particular policeman. Even if we don't know the policeman's name, it's still a particular policeman because it is the one who saved the cat.

"I saw the elephant at the zoo." Here, we're talking about a specific noun. Probably there is only one elephant at the zoo.

Count and Noncount Nouns

The can be used with noncount nouns, or the article can be omitted entirely.

·         "I love to sail over the water" (some specific body of water) or "I love to sail over water" (any water).

·         "He spilled the milk all over the floor" (some specific milk, perhaps the milk you bought earlier that day) or "He spilled milk all over the floor" (any milk).

"A/an" can be used only with count nouns.

·         "I need a bottle of water."

·         "I need a new glass of milk."

Most of the time, you can't say, "She wants a water," unless you're implying, say, a bottle of water.

Geographical use of the

There are some specific rules for using the with geographical nouns.

Do not use the before:

·         names of most countries/territories: Italy, Mexico, Bolivia; however, the Netherlands, the Dominican Republic, the Philippines, the United States

·         names of cities, towns, or states: Seoul, Manitoba, Miami

·         names of streets: Washington Blvd., Main St.

·         names of lakes and bays: Lake Titicaca, Lake Erie except with a group of lakes like the Great Lakes

·         names of mountains: Mount Everest, Mount Fuji except with ranges of mountains like the Andes or the Rockies or unusual names like the Matterhorn

·         names of continents (Asia, Europe)

·         names of islands (Easter Island, Maui, Key West) except with island chains like the Aleutians, the Hebrides, or the Canary Islands

Do use the before:

·         names of rivers, oceans and seas: the Nile, the Pacific

·         points on the globe: the Equator, the North Pole

·         geographical areas: the Middle East, the West

·         deserts, forests, gulfs, and peninsulas: the Sahara, the Persian Gulf, the Black Forest, the Iberian Peninsula

Source :

·         http://eslus.com/LESSONS/GRAMMAR/POS/pos9.htm

·         https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/540/01/